Eyewitness Identification

Part I: The Psychology of the Eyewitness

• 1. Reliability of Eyewitness Identification
• 1.1 – The Effect of Eyewitness Testimony
• 1.2 – The Causes of False Identification
• 1.3 – The Individual Witness Capability
  • 1.3.1 – Age
  • 1.3.2 – Sex
  • 1.3.3 – Race
  • 1.3.4 – Training
  • 1.3.5 – Anxiety Level
• 2. Perception
  • 2.1 – The Physiological Factor: Sight
  • 2.2 – The Environmental Factor: Conditions of Observation
  • 2.3 – The Human Factor: Emotions and Attitudes
  • 2.4 – Perceiving People
    • 2.4.1 – Categorizing
    • 2.4.2 – Physiognomy
    • 2.4.3 – Transference of Memories
• 3. Memory
  • 3.1 – Effect of Thought Processes on Memory
  • 3.2 – Effect of Intervening Information on Memory
  • 3.3 – Recall: The Psychology of Interrogation
  • 3.4 – Remembering Faces
    • 3.4.1 – Facial Features
    • 3.4.2 – Descriptions and Identification
    • 3.4.3 – Prosopagnosia
• 4. Scientific Determination of Truth
  • 4.1 – Physiological Detection
    • 4.1.1 – The Polygraph
    • 4.1.2 – Voice-Stress Analysis
  • 4.2 – Inducing Truth and Recal
    • 4.2.1 – “Truth Serum”
    • 4.2.2 – Hypnosis
  • 4.3 – Psychological Detection
    • 4.3.1 – The Psychologist as Expert Witness
    • 4.3.2 – Psychological Testing of Witnesses

Part II: Pretrial Identification

• 5. Police Procedures
  • 5.1 – Identification Methods
  • 5.2 – The Showup
  • 5.3 – The Lineup
    • 5.3.1 – Composition
    • 5.3.2 – Police Conduct of Lineup
  • 5.4 – Photographic Displays
  • 5.5 – Composites and Artists’ Sketches
  • 5.6 – Voice Identification
  • 6. The Right Against Self-Incrimination in Identification Proceedings
    • 6.1 – The Nature of the Right
    • 6.2 – Comment Upon Refusal to Appear in Lineup
  • 7. The Right to Counsel at Identification Proceedings
    • 7.1 – The Nature of the Right: Wade – Kirby
    • 7.2 – The Role of Counsel at Lineups
    • 7.3 – Substitute Counsel
    • 7.4 – Waiver of Counsel
    • 7.5 – The “Lawrence Lineup”
  • 8. Due Process: Fairness of Identification Procedures
    • 8.1 – Evolution of the Reliability Test: Stovall – Biggers
    • 8.2 – Admissibility of Suggestive Pretrial Identification: Gilbert – Brathwaite
    • 8.3 – Photographic Identification Standards: Simmons – Brathwaite
  • 9. Pretrial Defense Procedures
    • 9.1 – Discovery of Eyewitness Evidence
    • 9.2 – Deposing the Eyewitness
    • 9.3 – Conducting a Defense Lineup or Photographic Display

Part III: Identification in Trial

• 10. Suppression of In-Court Identification
  • 10.1 – Issues, Burdens and Procedures
  • 10.2 – The Prosecutor’s Duty to Disclose: Agurs
  • 10.3 – Due Process: Effect of Suggestive Pretrial Identification on In-Court Identification
    • 10.3.1 – Fairness vs. Reliability
    • 10.3.2 – The “Independent Source” Rule
  • 10.4 – Denial of Counsel at Post-Indictment Lineup
  • 10.5 – Identification Arising from Illegal Search or Arrest: Crews
• 11. Corroboration of Identification Testimony
  • 11.1 – Third-Party Corroboration and the “One Witness” Rule
  • 11.2 – Evidence of Prior Identification: “Bolstering”
    • 11.2.1 – Admissibility Generally: Hearsay
    • 11.2.2 – Suppressing Evidence of Prior Identification
• 11.2.2.1 – Due Process and the Per Se Exclusionary Rule: Gilbert – Brathwaite
• 11.2.2.2 – Denial of Counsel at Post-Indictment Lineup
• 11.2.2.3 – Identification Tainted by Illegal Search or Arrest
• 11.3 – The Cautionary Jury Instruction: Telfaire
• 12. Cross-Examination
  • 12.1 – General Considerations
• 12.1.1 – In-Court Lineups, Experiments, Demonstrations and the Use of Psychological Testimony
• 12.1.2 – Restriction by Trial Judge of Cross-Examination: Denial of Confrontation
• 12.2 – Establishing Suggestiveness of Pretrial Identification Procedures: Illustrative Cross-Examination
  • 12.2.1 – Cross-Examination at Hearing of Police Office Supervising Lineup
  • 12.2.2 – Cross-Examination at Hearing of Eyewitness at Lineup
• 12.3 – Establishing Unreliability of Identification: Illustrative Cross-Examination
  • 12.3.1 – Cross-Examination at Trial of Eyewitness